A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Sharma, Suresh K.
- A Randomized Control Trial on Efficacy of Gum Chewing in early Return of Bowel Function Among Patients Undergone Elective Abdominal Surgery at Selected Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab
Authors
1 Dept. Medical Surgical Nursing, DMC & Hospital, College of Nursing, Ludhiana, IN
2 College of Nursing, AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttrakhand, IN
3 Bhopal Nursing College, BMHRC, Bhopal MP, IN
4 Dept. of Gastroenterology Surgery, DMC & Hospital, Ludhiana, IN
5 DMC & Hospital, College of Nursing, Ludhiana, IN
Source
International Journal of Nursing Education and Research, Vol 3, No 2 (2015), Pagination: 183-189Abstract
Aims and Objective: To assess the efficacy of bubble gum chewing in early return of bowel function among patients undergone elective abdominal surgery.
Background: Delay in early return of bowel functions (Paralytic ileus) is a common side effect of various types of surgical procedure results in constipation and bloating commonly known as postsurgical ileus. The main reason of impaired bowel function after abdominal surgeries include electrolyte imbalances, gastroenteritis, appendicitis, pancreatitis, surgical complications, and obstruction of the mesenteric artery, which supplies blood to the abdomen. Certain drugs and medications, such as opioids and sedatives, can cause ileus by slowing bowel peristalsis, the contractions that propel food through the digestive tract.<SUP>2</SUP> Conventionally, POI has been managed by gastric decompression by Ryle's tube, keeping the patient nil per orally, intravenous fluid supplementation till ileus resolves, and patient passes flatus. In recent years, the use of gum chewing has emerged as a new and simple modality for decreasing POI. It acts by stimulating intestinal motility through cephalic vagal reflex and by increasing the production of gastrointestinal hormones associated with bowel motility.
Design: A randomized, parallel control trial
Method: It was conducted in January 2014 in selected surgery recovery and surgery units at DMC&Hospital, Ludhiana. Out of total 60 subjects, 30 in both experimental and control group were selected by convenience sampling technique. The tool consists of three parts:
* Section A: Socio-demographic sheet.
* Section B: Clinical profile sheet.
* Section C: Bowel movement assessment sheet.
* Section D: Bowel sound auscultation sheet.
Results: As seen first bowel sound heard by auscultation within 21.35±17.58 hours in experimental group which is less than control group i.e 24.96±21.91 hours. Time taken for first flatus passed and tolerance of oral feeds was also comparatively less in experimental group i.e. 37.91±24.40 and 61.62±39.06 respectively as compare to control group i.e. 42.68±27.64 and 73.93±60.69. In addition to it, post-Operative length of hospital stay (in days) was also shorter in experimental group 07.63±03.25 as compare to control group 09.43±5.01. On the other hand, time taken in case of first stool passed and return of appetite is more in experimental group (75.44±37.41 and 37.94±31.03) as compare of control group (69.72±34.75 and 34.16±34.78 respectively).
Conclusion: Although there is difference in mean time but there is no statistical significant difference found in return of bowel functions among experimental and control group.
Relevance to Clinical Practice:
1 Chewing gum can reduce the occurrence of postoperative paralytic ileus.
2 Nurses can use this therapy as a effective measure to prevent postoperative paralytic ileus.
3 Administration of chewing gum can provide mouth freshness to the postoperative clients.
4 Chewing gum can reduce the mental stress and provides relaxation to the post operative clients.
5 Chewing gum serves as a divertional activity too.
Keywords
Efficacy of Chewing Gum, Early Return of Bowel Function, Elective Abdominal Surgery.- Evaluation of Aldrin-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in J774 Macrophages
Authors
1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141004, IN
Source
Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology), Vol 22, No 2 (2015), Pagination: 88-96Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the aldrin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in murine macrophage (J774A.1) cells. Acute exposure of aldrin for 2 hrs was given to the J774A.1 cells cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS at 37oC and 5% CO2 in air with 95% relative humidity under in vitro system. Lethal concentration-50 (LC50) was calculated after exposure period as 7.24 μg/ml. Further, cells were exposed with three different concentration of aldrin (1.81, 3.65 and 7.24 μg/ml) and 0.1% DMSO was used as negative control. The antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymes were determined along with G6pDH, LDH and ALP enzymes in J774A.1 cells. Cells were monitored for cell morphology and apoptosis. Exposure of aldrin to J774A.1cells resulted in increase in lipid peroxidation and decrease in antioxidant enzyme/ nonenzymes system. Further it caused decrease in G6PDH enzymes activity and excess leakage of LDH and ALP enzymes. The aldrin-treated cells showed higher number of apoptotic cells with alteration in cell morphology indicating apoptotic and necrotic changes. These effects were noticed in dose dependant manner. In conclusion, the result of in vitro study suggests that the aldrin can induced the process of apoptosis and cell death through the generation of ROS and thereof oxidative insult in J774A.1 cells.Keywords
Aldrin, Apoptosis, Antioxidant Enzymes, J774A.1 Cells, Oxidative Stress.References
- Chaiyarat R, Sookjam C, Eiam-Ampai K, Damrongphol P. Organochlorine pesticide levels in the food web in rice paddies of Bueng Boraphet wetland, Thailand. Environ Monit Assess. 2015; 187(5):4469.
- Badr A, Elkington TT. Antimitotic and chromo, toxic effects of isoproturon in A. cepa and H. vulgare. Environ Exp Bot. 1982; 22:265–70.
- Gui D, Yu R, He X, Tu Q, Wu Y. Tissue distribution and fate of persistent organic pollutants in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins from the Pearl River Estuary, China. Mar Pollut Bull. 2014; 86(1-2):266–73.
- Iyer P. Developmental and reproductive toxicology of pesticides. In: Krieger R editor. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Academic Press, San Diego, 2010; 1:375–420.
- Parron T, Requena M, Hernández AF, Alarcon R. Association between environmental exposure to pesticides and neurodegenerative diseases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 256: 379–85.
- Hernandez AF, Lacasana M, Gil F, Rodriguez-Barranco M, Pla A, Lopez-Guarnido O. Evaluation of pesticide-induced oxidative stress from a gene–environment interaction perspective. Toxicol. 2013; 307:95–102.
- Lonare M, Kumar M, Raut S, Badgujar P, Doltade S, Telang A. Evaluation of imidacloprid-induced neurotoxicity in male rats: A protective effect of curcumin. Neurochem Inter. 2014; 78:122–9
- Bedia C, Dalmau N, Jaumot J, Tauler R. Phenotypic malignant changes and untargeted lipidomic analysis of longterm exposed prostate cancer cells to endocrine disruptors. Environ Res. 2015; 140:18–31.
- Abdollahi M, Ranjbar A, Shadnia S, Nikfar S, Rezaiee A. Pesticides and oxidative stress: a review. Med Sci Monit. 2004; 10:RA141–7.
- Raina R, Verma PK, Pankaj NK, Prawez S. Induction of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in rats chronically exposed to cypermethrin through dermal application. J Vet Sci. 2009; 10:257–9.
- Gao LY, Abu Kwaik Y. Hijacking of apoptotic pathways by bacterial athogens. Microb Infect. 2000; 2:1705–19.
- Sharma H, Zhang P, Barber DS, Liu B. Organochlorine pesticides dieldrin and lindane induce cooperative toxicity in dopaminergic neurons: Role of oxidative stress NeuroToxicol. 2010; 31(2):215–22
- Tobiszewski M, Orlowski A. Multicriteria decision analysis in ranking of analytical procedures for aldrin determination in water. J Chromatogr A. 2015; 1387:116–22.
- Wrobel MH, Grzeszczyk M, Mlynarczuk J, Kotwica J. The adverse effects of aldrin and dieldrin on both myometrial contractions and the secretory functions of bovine ovaries and uterus in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2015; 85(1):23–31.
- Koner BC, Banerjee BD, Ray A. Organochlorine pesticide-induced oxidative stress and immune suppression in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1998; 36(4):395–8.
- Naqvi S, Samim M, Abdin MZ, Ahmed FJ, Maitra AN, Prashant CK, Dinda AK. Concentration-dependent toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles mediated by increased oxidative stress; Inter J Nanomed. 2010; 5:983–9.
- Mahajan S, Prashant CK, Koul V, Choudhary V, Dinda AK. Receptor specific macrophage targeting by mannose-conjugated gelatin nanoparticles: An in-vitro and in-vivo study. Curr Nanosci. 2010; 6(4):413–21.
- Borenfreund E, Puerner J. Toxicity determined in vitro by morphological alterations and neutral red absorption. Toxicol Lett. 1985; 24:119–24.
- Spector DL, Goldman RD, Leinwand LA. Morphological assessment of cell death. In: Spector DL, Goldman RD, Leinwand LA editors. Cells, a laboratory manual, in culture and biochemical analysis of cells. NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1997; 2:15.3–15.10.
- Bergmeyer H. Methods of enzymatic analysis. New York: Academic Press. 1974.
- Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 1984 ; 105:121–6.
- Paglia DE, Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med. 1967; 70:158–69.
- Madesh J, Balasubramanian KA. Microtitre plate assay for superoxide dismutase using MTT reduction by superoxide. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1998; 35: 184–8.
- Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem. 1974; 249:7130–9.
- Sedlak J, Lindsay RH. Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman’s reagent. Anal Biochem. 1968; 25:192–205.
- Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979; 95:351–8.
- Lowry, OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with Folin- Phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951; 193:265–75.
- Bachowski S, Xu Y, Stevenson DE, Walborg EF Jr, Klaunig JE. Role of oxidative stress in the selective toxicity of dieldrin in the mouse liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1998; 150(2):301–9.
- Kitazawa M, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy AG. Dieldrin-induced oxidative stress and neurochemical changes contribute to apoptotic cell death in dopaminergic cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001; 31:1473–85.
- Hincal F, Gurbay A, Giray, B. Induction of lipid peroxidation and alteration of glutathione redox status by endosulfan. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1995; 47(1-3):321–6.
- Dorval J, Leblond VS, Hontela A. Oxidative stress and loss of cortisol secretion in adrenocortical cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed in vitro to endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide. Aquat Toxicol. 2002; 63(3):229–41.
- Pandey S, Ahmad I, Parvez S, Bin-Hafeez B, Haque R, Raisuddin S. Effect of endosulfan on antioxidants of freshwater fish Channa punctatus Bloch: 1. Protection against lipid peroxidation in liver by copper preexposure. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2001; 41(3):345–52.
- Lonare M, Kumar M, Raut S, More A, Doltade S, Badgujar P, Telang A. Evaluation of ameliorative effect of curcumin on imidacloprid-induced male reproductive toxicity in wistar rats. Environ Toxicol. 2015. Doi: 10.1002/tox.22132.
- Lopez O, Hernandez AF, Rodrigo L et al. Changes in antioxidant enzymes in humans with long-term exposure to pesticides. Toxicol Lett. 2007; 171:146–53.
- Kannan K, Jain SK. Oxidative stress and apoptosis. Pathophysiology. 2000; 7(3):153–63.
- Simon HU, Haj-Yehia A, Levi-Schaffer F. Role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis induction. Apoptosis. 2000; 5:415–8.
- Junn E, Mouradian MM. Apoptotic signaling in dopamineinduced cell death: the role of oxidative stress, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, cytochrome c and caspases. J Neurochem. 2001; 78:374–83.
- Akbarsha MA, Sivasamy P. Apoptosis in male germinal line cells of rat in vivo: caused by phosphamidon. Cytobios. 1997; 91:33–44.
- Tian WN, Braunstein LD, Pang J, Stuhlmeier KM, Xi QC, Tian X, Stanton RC. Importance of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity for cell growth. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273:10609–17.
- Cho SW, Joshi JG. Inactivation of glucose-6-phosphate 11. dehydrogenase isozymes from human and pig brain by aluminum. J Neurochem. 1989; 53:616–21.
- Manna S, Bhattacharyya D, Mandal TK, Das S. Sub-chronic toxicity study of alfa-cypermethrin in rats. Iranian J Pharmacol Therapeutics. 2006; 5:163–6.
- Kale M, Rathore N, John S, Bhatnagar D. Lipid peroxidative damage on pyrethroid exposure and alterations in antioxidant status in rat erythrocytes: A possible involvement of reactive oxygen species. Toxicol Lett. 1999; 105(3):197–205.
- Ranjbar A, Pasalar P, Sedighi A, Abdollahi M. Induction of oxidative stress in paraquat formulating workers. Toxicol Lett. 2002; 131:191–4.
- Ronald WT, Malcolm RS, John WL. Mechanism of action and fate of the fungicide chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) in biological systems: I. Reactions with cells and subcellular components of Saccharomyces pastorianus. Pest Biochem Physiol. 2004; 3(2):160–7.
- Kostaropoulos I, Papadopoulos AI, Metaxakis A et al. The role of glutathione S-transferases in the detoxification of some organophosphorus insecticides in larvae and pupae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Pest Manag Sci. 2001; 57:501–8.
- Vina J. Glutathione: Metabolism and Physiological Functions. CRC Press, Boston. 1990; 222–8.
- Perez-Maldonado IN, Herrera C, Batres LE, Gonzalez-Amaroa R, Diaz-Barriga F, Yanez L. DDT-induced oxidative damage in human blood mononuclear cells. Environ Res. 2005; 98:177–84.
- Kannan K, Holcombe RF, Jain SK, Alvarez-Hernandez X, Chervenak R, Wolf RE, Glass J. Evidence for the induction of apoptosis by endosulfan in a human T-cell leukemic line. Mol Cell Biochem. 2000; 205:53–66.
- Slim R, Toborek M, Robertson LW, Lehmler HJ, Henning B. Cellular glutathione status modulates polychlorinated biphenyl-induced stress response and apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000; 166:36–42.
- Kitizawa M, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy AG. Dieldrininducedoxidative stress and neurochemical changes contribute to apoptotic cell death in dopaminergic cells. Free Radical Biol. Med. 2001; 31:1473–85.
- Serum Levels and Half-Life of Carbaryl in Buffalo Calves after Subchronic Exposure:Implications for Withdrwal Times
Authors
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, IN
Source
Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology), Vol 24, No 2 (2017), Pagination: 185-189Abstract
Carbaryl is recommended for use on fodders crops in India, but absolutely no work has been done on its toxicokinetics aspect in any species consuming these forage crops, including buffalo species. Since the toxicokinetics serves as a basis for recommending safe withdrawal period of any substance, the aim of this study was to compute important parameters of carbaryl after its subchronic exposure at recommended dose in order to serve as a guideline with regards to observation of meat withdrawal times in buffaloes exposed to carbaryl. Carbaryl was given at the dose rate of 1 mg/kg daily for 105 consecutive days and blood samples of each animal were collected, followed for extraction of carbaryl in serum. Carbaryl produced a gradual accumulation in serum of buffalo calves after oral exposure. There was variation in serum carbaryl levels from 3.31 ± 0.28 to 3.46 ± 0.61 ppm through day 15 to day 105 of exposure, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was computed to be 363.0 ± 10.1μg.ml-1.day-1. Volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) was found to be 0.162 ± 0.017 ml.kg-1. The overall elimination rate constant (Kel) and mean residential time (MRT) were calculated to be 0.017 ± 0.003 day-1 and 59.1 ± 7.8 days, respectively. Based on mean serum levels of carbaryl, the elimination half life (t1/2β) of carbaryl in buffalo calves was calculated to be 67.37 days. Carbaryl had a long half-life in in buffalo calves. This finding will serve as a guideline with regards to observation of meat withdrawal times in buffaloes exposed to carbaryl. This is very important since carbaryl is recommended for spraying over fodder crops to control pests. However further studies are needed to verify this by measuring actual tissue residue levels of carbaryl at regular time intervals after exposure.Keywords
Carbaryl, Buffalo, Half-Life, Serum, Chromatography.References
- Ribera D, Narbonne J F, Arnaud C, Denis M S. Biochemical responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida Andrei exposed to contaminated artificial soil, effects of carbaryl. Soil Biol Biochem 2001; 33: 1123-30.
- Fodders. In: Gill MS, Mahindra K, editors. Package of Practices for crops of Punjab-Kharif. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhaina 2010; p. 100-105.
- Ghosh P, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya S. Impairment of the regulation of gonadal function in Channa punctatus by metacid-50 and carbaryl under laboratory and field conditions. Biomed Environ Sci 1990; 3(1): 106-12.
- Qiu Y, Chen J F, Song L, He J, Liu R, Zhang C W, Wang X R. Effects of carbaryl on serum steroid hormone and the function of antioxidant system in female rats. Chin J Indust Hyg Occupational Dis 2005; 23(4): 290-93.
- Bacchetta R, Mantecca P, Andrioletti M, Vismara C, Vailati G. Axial–skeletal Defects Caused by Carbaryl in Xenopus laevis Embryos. Sci Total Environ 2008;392(1): 110-18.
- Xia Y, Cheng S, Bian Q, Xu L, Collins M D, Chang H C, Song L, Liu J, Wang S, Wang X. Genotoxic Effects on Spermatozoa of Carbaryl-Exposed Workers. Toxicol Sci 2005; 85(1): 615-23.
- Barr D B, Barr J R, Maggio V L, Whitehead Jr R D, Sadowski M A, Whyatt R M, Needham L L. A multi-analyte method for the quantification of contemporary pesticides in human serum and plasma using high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 2002; 778: 99–111.
- Frias M M, Torres M J, Frenich A G, Vidal J L M, Olea-Serrano F, Olea N. Determination of organochlorine compounds in human biological samples by GC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2004; 18(2): 102-11.
- Gibaldi M, Perrier. Pharmacokinetics. Marcel and Dekker Inc, New York 1982.
- Srivastava AK, Bal MS. Principles and calculations in Pharmacokinetics. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhaina 1994.
- Ghaheri S, Masoum S, Gholami A Resolving of challenging gas chromatography–mass spectrometry peak clusters in fragrance samples using multicomponent factorization approaches based on polygon inflation algorithm . J Chromatography A 2015; 1429 :317–28.
- Tang J, Cao Y, Rose R L, Hodgson E. In vitro metabolism of carbaryl by human cytochrome P450 and its inhibition by chlorpyrifos. Chem Biol Interact 2002; 141(3): 229–41.
- Gabrielsson J, Weiner D. Non-compartmental analysis. Methods Mol Biol. 2012; 929 : 377-89.
- Baynes RE, Dix KJ, Riviere JE. Distribution and pharmacokinetic models. In Ernest Hodgson editor in Pesticide Biotransformation and Disposition. 2012; p117-145.
- Tanaka R, Fujisawa S, Nakai K. Study on the absorption and protein binding of carbaryl, dieldrin and paraquat in rats fed on protein diet. J Toxicol Sci 1981; 6: 1-11.